Enzymes!!!!!

Digestion involves breakdown:

}Carbohydrates                simple sugar

Protein                              amino acids

Fats                     fatty acids + glycerol

By the action of digestive enzymes

Small

Soluble

Diffusible  molecules

What are enzymes:

       Protein in nature( made of amino acids )

Biological catalysts

Catalyst is a substance that alter or speed up a chemical reaction  ,without itself being chemically changed at the end of the of reaction 

Characteristics of enzymes: 

Proteins made of amino acids

Catalysts ( they speed up chemical reactions & lower the activation energy )

Reusable (they remain unchanged after the reaction )

Specific ( there is a perfect enzyme for a certain substrate ) 

How do enzymes alter the rate of chemical reaction?

The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called activation energy

Enzymes lower the activation energy required to start a chemical reaction

Factors that affect the activity of enzymes:

Temperature

PH

Enzyme/substrate concentration

Introduction to macromolecules

Macromolecules are used  to create cells…. Macromolecules are found in foods..

 Group 1: Carbohydrates

 All living things use

carbohydrates as

a source of energy.

Carbohydrates are made from simple sugar molecules called glucose

These carbohydrates (macromolecules of monosaccharides=polysaccharides) are

1)Glycogen in animals ---(muscle)

2)Starch in plants

Plants also make a special polysaccharide

1)Cellulose that is used for plant structure

Group 2: Lipids & Fats

-Large/varied group….

-Does not dissolve in water (not soluble)

-Made up of long chains of mostly

      C & H (w/ few O)

3 groups of Fats:oils, fats and waxes

Functions of Fats

1) store energy

(why?)  (where is the energy stored?)

2) to create membranes (where?)

3) To use as waterproof coverings

Group 3: Nucleic Acids

These Macromolecules contain:

C, H, O, N, and Phosphorous.

There are 2 types of Nucleic Acids:
1)
2)

Nucleic Acids are polymers

assembled from monomers called

NUCLEOTIDES.

There are 4 nitrogen bases:
1) adenine
2) guanine
3) cytosine
4) thymine

The function of Nucleic Acids is to:

 Store and transmit hereditary information.  (genes)

Group 5: Proteins:

These are Macromolecules that contain

C, H, O, N

Proteins are polymers of monomers called

Amino acids (a.a.)

All Amino Acids have :

1)An amino group

    (NH2) on 1 end

2) A carboxyl group

   (COOH) at other

    end

3) A Carbon group

Levels of organization of living organisms

Just as there are many different branches of life to study life is studied and organized on many different levels.

There are 8 different levels of organization of life progressing from the smallest to the largest.

1.Molecules

2.Cells

3.Groups of cells

4.Organisms

5.Populations

6.Community

7.Ecosystem

8.Biosphere

Origin of life: characteristics of living things

As a new scientist, someone brings you something they found in the woods where they were hiking. Its like nothing anyone has seen before! Its greenish with small purple spots, looks something like slime and it seems to be moving. They want to know if they found a new life form

•How would you as a new scientist determine if what they found was alive?

   How would a scientist go about classifying living from non- living?

Characteristics of living things:

• Made up of cells (theory called?)
• Reproduce (two types)
• Based on universal genetic code
• Grow and develop
• Obtain and use energy
• Respond to their environment
• As a group, change over time

1. Cell: the smallest unit of organization that can be considering living. Organisms might be unicellular and multicellular

2. Reproduction: Asexual and sexual

3. Genetic code: The set of rules by which the genetic information is encoded in the organism

4. Growth and development: during life cycle all organisms grow but multi- cellular organisms also develop

5. Materials and energy: there is hierarchy to life. The smallest organisms use materials and through chemical reactions get energy by eating smaller organisms

6. Respond to their environment: if you introduce a stimulus or stress into their surroundings an organism will respond to that

7. Maintain internal balance: this means that no matter what happens outside the organisms, inside remains relatively balanced (homeostasis)

8. Evolution: •As an individual, organisms do not evolve

•As a group, organisms evolve

•Evolution usually evolves physical traits

•Evolution takes thousand of years

Science is fun!!!!

Biology is a natural science that is connected to the study of life and living organisms, their structure, evolution, function and distribution.